Ninth Schedule · Article 31B
Validation of certain Acts and Regulations
Added by the 1st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951. Contains a list of Central and State laws which, on being placed in this Schedule, are protected from being struck down on the ground that they violate any of the fundamental rights. As of the latest amendment, the Schedule contains 284 Acts and Regulations, most of them land-reform and agrarian statutes.
Representative entries
- 1The Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 (Bihar Act XXX of 1950).
- 2The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 (Bombay Act LXVII of 1948).
- 7The Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 (U.P. Act I of 1951).
- 13The Madras Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1948 (Madras Act XXVI of 1948).
- 40The Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 (Kerala Act 1 of 1964).
- 66The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 35 of 1969).
- 125The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1961 (as amended).
- 257AThe Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutions and of Appointments or Posts in the Services under the State) Act, 1993.
The Supreme Court in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007) held that although Article 31B protects laws in the Ninth Schedule from challenge on the ground of Part III violations, any law inserted into the Ninth Schedule after 24 April 1973 is open to challenge if it damages or destroys the basic structure of the Constitution.
Note.A full enumeration of all 284 entries is available in the official text of the Constitution published by the Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice.
Source: Constitution of India, Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Reproduced under s.52(1)(q), Copyright Act 1957. Where entries have been abridged for readability, the authoritative text remains the official version.